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Sanitary Engineering

Course Objective:
Sanitary Engineering course aims at providing the students with a complete knowledge on wastewater collection, conveyance, treatment , disposal methods and design. The course will provide the knowledge of sludge and solid waste management. After completing the course, the students are expected to solve the problems of wastewater and solid waste management.

  1. Introduction     [2 hours]
    1. Difinitions of common terms - Sewage/Wastewater, Domestic sewage, Industrial sewage, Sanitary sewage, Storm water, Sullage, Sewer, Sewerage, Rubbish, Garbage, Refuse/Solid waste
    2. Importance of Wastewater and Solid Waste Managements
    3. Wastewater and Solid waste management methods - Collection, Conveyance, Treatment and Disposal
    4. Objectives of sewage disposal
    5. Sanitation systems
      1. Conservancy system with merits and demerits
      2. Water carriage system with merits and demerits
    6. Sewerage systems and types
      1. Separate system
      2. Combined system
      3. Partially separe system
      4. Comparison between separate and combined systems
  1. Quantity of Wastewater      [4 hours]
    1. Dry Weather Flow (DWF) and Wet Weather Flow (WWF)
    2. Sources of sanitary sewage
      1. Private and public water supplies
      2. Groundwater infiltration
      3. Unauthorized connections
    3. Factors affecting quantity of sanitary sewage
      1. Population
      2. Rate of water supply
      3. Groundwater infiltration
      4. Unauthorized connections
    4. Determination of quantity of sanitary sewage, peak factor, peak flow
    5. Determination of quantity of storm water
      1. Rational method and its limitation
      2. Overall runoff coefficient
      3. British ministry of Health formula for intensity of rainfall
      4. Time of concentration
    6. Numericals on determination of quantity of wastwater for separate, combined and partially separate systems
  1. Design and Construction of Sewers      [4 hours]
    1. Design criteria of sewers
      1. Specific gravity of wastewater
      2. Design period
      3. Minimum and Maximum velocities, Self cleanising velocity
      4. Sewer size range
      5. Sewer gradient
      6. Hydraulic formulae for design - Manning's, Chezy's and Hazen Williams formulae
      7. Hydraulic elements of sewers for partial flow condition
      8. Partial flow diagrams
    2. Shapes of sewers - Circular and non-circular sections with merits and demerits
    3. Sewer Materials
      1. Requirements of sewer materials
      2. Types of sewer materials - salt galzed stoneware, cement concrete, cast iron
    4. Design of sewers of separate and combined systems
    5. Numericals on design of sewers
    6. Construction of sewers
      1. Setting out
      2. Alignment and gradient
      3. Excavation of trench
      4. Timbering of trench
      5. Dewatering of trench
      6. Laying and jointing
      7. Testing of sewer - Straightness, Obstruction, Water and Air tests
      8. Backfilling of trench
  1. Sewer Appurtenances      [3 hours]
    1. Necessity of sewer appurtenances
    2. Construction of sewer appurtenances
      1. Manhole
      2. Drop manhole
      3. Lamphole
      4. Street inlets
      5. Catch basin
      6. Flushing device
      7. Sand, grease and oil traps
      8. Inverted siphon
      9. Sewer outlet
      10. Ventilating shaft
  1. Characteristics and Examination of Wastewater     [5 hours]
    1. Characteristics of wastewater
      1. Physical characteristics - colour, odour, temperature and turbidity
      2. Chemical characteristics - pH, organic and inorganic solids, nitrogenous compounds
      3. Biological characteristics – bacteria
    2. Sampling of wastewater
      1. Grab and composite samples
      2. Preservation and storing
    3. Decomposition of wastewater-process, Aerobic and anaerobic decomposition, Stale sewage
    4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
      1. Definition of BOD and its significance
      2. Derivation of BOD equation
      3. Rate reaction, ultimate BOD and relation with temperature
      4. Numericals on BOD
    5. Chemical oxygen Demand (COD) - Definition and significance
    6. Examination of wastewater
      1. Necessity of wastewater examination
      2. Examination of volatile, fixed and total solids, settleable and non-settleable solids, BOD with and without dilution, COD
    7. Numericals on BOD test
  1. Wastewater Disposal   [6 hours]
    1. Necessity and objectives of wastewater disposal
    2. Wastwwater disposal methods - Dilution and Land treatment
    3. Wastewater disposal by Dilution process and essential conditions for dilution
    4. Self purification of rivers/streams
    5. Factors affecting self purification - Dilution, Current, Sunlight, Sedimentation, Temperature, Oxidation, Reduction
    6. Oxygen sag curve
    7. Streeter Phelp's equation (Derivation not required)
    8. Numerical on self purification of rivers/streams
    9. Watewater disposal by land treatment
      1. Suitability of land treatment
      2. Methods of land treatment - irrigation, overland flow and rapid infiltration
      3. Broad irrigation and sewage farming
      4. Methods of application of sewage on land - flooding, surface irrigation, ridge and furrow method, subsurface irrigation and spray irrigation
      5. Sewage sickness and its prevention
  1. Wastewater Treatment     [12 hours]
    1. Objectives of wastewater treatment
    2. Treatment process types and impurity removal
    3. Primary treatment process
      1. Racks and Screens - purpose and types (Bar, Coarse and Fine screens)
      2. Skimming tank - purpose and construction
      3. Grit chamber - purpose, construction and design criteria
      4. Sedimentation - purpose, types and design criteria
      5. Chemical precipitation - purpose, mixing and flocculation (introduction only)
      6. Numericals on design of Grit chamber and Sedimentation tank
    4. Biological (Secondary) treatment process
      1. Objectives of biological treatment process
      2. Principles of biological treatment process - Attached and Suspended growth processes
      3. Types of biological treatment process
    5. Sewage filtration
      1. Filter types
      2. Intermittent sand filter - purpose, construction, working and cleaning with merits and demerits
      3. Contact bed - purpose, construction, working and cleaning with merits and demerits
      4. Trickling filter - purpose, construction, working and cleaning with merits and demerits, types (high rate and standard rate), recirculation, two stage filters, design criteria
      5. Numericals on design of trickling filters
    6. Activated sludge process
      1. Principles of activated sludge process
      2. Construction and process description
      3. Aeration methods
      4. Design criteria
      5. Advantages and disadvantages
      6. Sludge volume index
      7. Numericals on activated sludge process
    7. Oxidation ponds
      1. Purpose of oxidation ponds
      2. Theory of oxidation ponds
      3. Construction of oxidation ponds
      4. Commissioning
      5. Operation and maintenance
      6. Design criteria
      7. Advantages and disadvantages
      8. Numericals on oxidation ponds
  1. Sludge Treatment and Disposal  [4 hours]
    1. Sources of sludge
    2. Necessity of sludge treatment
    3. Characteristics of sludge
    4. Determination of sludge volume, volume - moisture relation
    5. Sludge treatment methods
      1. Grinding and blending
      2. Thickening - Gravity thickener, purpose, construction and loading criteria
      3. Digestion - Aerobic and anaerobic digestion, digestion process, control of digestion, construction and design criteria of digester
      4. Dewatering - Vacuum filtration (purpose and construction)
      5. Drying - Sludge drying beds (purpose and construction)
      6. Composting - purpose, principles, types (windrow and mechanical)
      7. Incineration - purpose and construction
    6. Numericals on sludge volume determination and design of digester
    7. Sludge disposal methods
      1. Dumping
      2. Land filling
      3. Lagooning
      4. Spreading on land
  1. Disposal of Sewage from Isolated Buildings  [3 hours]
    1. Necessity
    2. On site sanitation - Definition and types
    3. Pit privy - purpose and construction
    4. Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine - purpose, construction, design criteria, types (single pit, double pits and multiple pits), advantages and disadvantages
    5. Pour flush latrine - purpose, construction and design criteria
    6. Septic tank - purpose, construction, design criteria, working and maintenance
    7. Septic tank effluent disposal methods
      1. Drain field - purpose, construction and design criteria
      2. Soak pit - purpose, construction and design criteria
      3. Evapotranspiration mound - purpose and construction
      4. Leaching cesspool - purpose and construction
    8. Numericals on design of ViIP latrine, Pour flush latrine, Septic tank, Drain field and Soak pit
  1. Solid Waste Disposal     [2 hours]
    1. Characteristic of solid waste
    2. Quantity of solid waste
    3. Collection and transportation of solid waste
    4. Solid waste disposal methods
      1. Dumping
      2. Sanitary landfill
      3. Incineration
      4. Composting

References:

  1. B. C. Punmia and Ashok Jain, "Wastewater Engineering",  Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1998
  2. P.N. Modi, "Sewage Treatment & Disposal and Wastewater Engineering", Standard Book House, Delhi, 2001
  3. G.S. Birdie and J,S, Birdie, "Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering", Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 2002
  4. K.N. Duggal, "Elements of Environmental Engineering", S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1997

Tutorials:

  1. Quantity of Wastewater  (2 hour) : Definitions, Numericals on determination of sanitary sewage and storm water, determination on quantity of wastewater for separate, combined and partially separate systems
  1. Design and Construction of Sewers  (2 hours) : Design criteria of sewers, partial flow conditions in sewers, Numericals on design of sewers for separate and combined systems
  1. Sewer Appurtenances   (0 hour)
  1. Characteristics and Examination of Wastewater   (2 hours) : Definitions, Numericals on BOD and BOD testing
  1. Wastewater Disposal   (2 hours) : Definitions, Streeter-Phelp's equation description, Numericals on purification of rivers/streams and degree of treatment required
  1. Wastewater Treatment  (3 hours) : Definitions, Numericals on grit chamber, sedimentation tank, trickling filter, activated sludge process and oxidation pond
  1. Sludge Treatment and Disposal  (2 hours) : Definitions, Numerical on sludge volume determination, volume-moisture relation and design of digesters
  1. Disposal of Sewage from Isolated Buildings (2 hours) : Definitions, Numericals on design of VIP latrine, Pour flush latrine, Septic tank, Drain field and Soak pit
  1. Solid Waste Disposal

Evaluation Scheme: The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be as indicated in the table below

Chapters

Lecture Hours

Tutorial Hours

 Marks Distribution*

1

2

0

4

2

4

2

4

3

4

2

8

4

3

0

4

5

5

2

8

6

6

2

8

7

12

3

24

8

4

2

8

9

3

2

8

10

2

0

4

Total

45

15

80

*Note: There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.

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