Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Course Objective:To orient and familiarize the students in theory, technological development and current practices in problems solving in the area of irrigation and drainage engineering that covers on-farm and off-farm irrigation and drainage system.
- Introduction [2 hours]
- Definition, Need and Objectives of Irrigation
- Advantages and disadvantages of irrigation
- Significance of irrigation development in Nepal
- Optimum utilization of irrigation water
- Status of irrigation development in Nepal
- Soil-Water-Plant relationships to irrigation [5 hours]
- Soil composition
- Texture of mineral soils
- Structure of soil
- Behaviour of moisture in the soil
- Classification of soil moisture
- Characteristic behaviour of soil composition with moisture
- Evaluation of water available to plant- How much to irrigate
- Extraction pattern of soil-water by plant root
- Critical crop growth stages
- Reference Crop Water Requirement
- Consumptive use of crop and evapotranspiration
- Evapotranspiration estimates using empirical methods
- Experimental evaluation of evapotranspiration using Lysimeter
- Field crop water requirement
- Principle Crops in Nepal, their Calendar and gross Water Requirements
- Farm Irrigation Practices [5 hours]
- Methods of irrigation practice
- Check basin irrigation
- Hydraulic relationship of boarder-strip irrigation
- Hydraulic relationship of furrow irrigation
- Overhead irrigation and drip irrigation system-components
- Sub Irrigation System
- Performance of Farm Irrigation Methods-a comparison
- Farm Irrigation Scheduling [3 hours]
- Objectives and Strategies- Full Vs. Deficit Irrigation
- Method of scheduling- when and how much to irrigation
- Book-keeping/water budgeting
- Soil moisture
- Plant indicator
- Types of water losses on farm
- Farm irrigation requirement- depth of irrigation
- Paddy crop
- Dry foot crop
- Frequency/Interval of irrigation
- Determination of Stream Size
- Planning Farm Irrigation Delivery based on- continuous, rotational, demand supply
- Water Conveyance and Distribution System [3 hours]
- Classification of Canals by Function and Types
- Canal irrigation system and its components
- Alignments of Canal
- Seepage and Evaporation losses in Canal
- Canal Command Area- GCA, CCA, NCA
- Crop period, Base Period, Kor Period and Kor Depth
- Duty of water, Delta of crops and their relationships
- Irrigation intensities
- Design of Open Channels for irrigation [5 hours]
- Manning's Uniform Flow Equation for Canal Design
- Kennedy's and Lacy's Silt Theory
- Design of Stable Canals in Alluvium
- Lined Canals classification and Economics of Canal Lining
- Design of Lined Canals
- Design Considerations for Hilly Areas
- Cross-Section of Canals- banks, berms, roadways and spoil banks
- Irrigation Efficiencies [2 hours]
- Farm Irrigation Efficiency and its components
- Canal irrigation efficiency and its components
- Project Efficiency
- Measurement of Irrigation Water [3 hours]
- Velocity Area Method
- Direct Discharge Measurement:
- Notches
- Parshall Flume
- H-Flume
- Cut-throat Flume
- Volumetric Flow Measurement
- Control and regulatory Structures [4 hours]
- Types, functions and components of gravity Headwork
- Bed Sediment Control at Headwork- types of silt excluder and silt ejector
- Cross-Drainage Structures- types, conditions of suitability and design
- Drop Structures- conditions of suitability and design
- Flow Regulation and Head Control Structures- types, conditions of suitability and design
- Canal Outlet and Distribution Structures
- Drainage Theory and Methods of Agricultural Drainage [3 hours]
- Sources and Causes of Water logging
- Damage to Crops by High Moisture
- Drainage Requirement of Crops
- Drainage Investigation
- Hydraulic Conductivity and Drainage Coefficient
- Drainage Methods and Suitability- Surface, Sub-Surface and Bio-Drainage
- Design of Agricultural Drainage System [4 hours]
- Design Consideration for Surface Drainage Systems
- Layout and Construction of Surface Drainage
- Design Consideration for Sub-Surface Drainage
- Unlined and Lined Sub-Surface Drainage
- Mole Drains
- Design of Filters for Sub-Surface Drainage
- Vertical Drainage and Skimming Wells
- Irrigation Water Quality [1 hour]
- Water Quality Consideration in Irrigation
- Appraising Irrigation Water Quality- using indicators
- Planning and Management of Irrigation Systems [3 hours]
- General Irrigation system planning
- Management Functions in Irrigation Systems
- Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation Systems
- Organizational and Institutional Issues in Irrigation Management
- Participatory Irrigation Management including FMIS
- Irrigation Policy [1 hour]
- Introduction to irrigation act and regulation
- Water right- uphoff’s matrix on irrigation management
Tutorials
Tutorial Classes for Design of Irrigation & drainage structure
Practical
S.N. |
Laboratories |
Periods |
1 |
Estimation of Crop Evapotranspiration Using Empirical Methods |
2 |
2 |
Field evaluation of Crop Evapotranspiration using Lysimeter |
2 |
3 |
Measurement of Irrigation Water Using Flow Measuring Structures: Notches, Parshall Flume, H-Flume, Cut-throat Flume |
3 |
4 |
Determination of Water Conveyance Efficiency in Unlined and Lined Channels |
2 |
5 |
Field Evaluation of Check Basin Irrigation |
2 |
6 |
Field Evaluation of Border-Strip Irrigation |
3 |
7 |
Field Evaluation of Sprinkler Irrigation |
2 |
8 |
Field Evaluation of Drip Irrigation |
2 |
9 |
Design of Open Channels |
2 |
10 |
Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity in the Field and Laboratory for Drainage Investigation |
4 |
11 |
Determination of Drainage Coefficient from Daily Rainfall Data |
2 |
Total |
26 |
References
- Michael, A.M. Irrigation Theory and Practice. Vikash Publishing House, New Delhi.
- Irrigation Principles and Practices by O.W. Israelson and V.E. Hensen. John Wiley & Sons.
- L.G. James Farm Irrigation System Design. John Wiley & Sons, New York
- Reddi, T. Yellamanda & Reddi, G.H. Sankara. Efficient Use of Irrigation Water (1995) – 8 copies
- R. Lal. Irrigation Hydraulics.
- S.K. Garg. Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi
- J.N. Luthin. Drainage Engineering. Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
- International Course on Land Drainage. Drainage Principles and Applications, Vol. I to IV. International Land Reclamation Institute (ILRI), Wakhningen, the Netherlands.
- Walker, W.R. and G.V. Skogerboe. Surface Irrigation: Theory and Practice. Prentice-Hall Inc. USA
- Melvyn Kay, Cranfield Press, Surface Irrigation systems and practice
- D. Laat, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands, Crop-Water-Plant Relationships
- Bruce Withers and Stanley Vipond, B T Batsford Limited, London, WiHoAH, Irrigation: Design and Practice
- Herman J Finkel, CRC Press Inc, Florida, CRC Handbook of Irrigation Technology Volume-I
Evaluation Scheme
The questions will cover the entire chapter of the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be as indicated in the table below:
Chapter |
Hours |
Marks Distribution* |
1 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
5 |
10 |
3 |
5 |
10 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
6 |
5 |
10 |
7 |
2 |
4 |
8 |
3 |
5 |
9 |
4 |
8 |
10 |
3 |
5 |
11 |
5 |
8 |
12 |
1 |
8 |
13 |
3 |
14 |
1 |
Total |
45 |
80 |
*Note: There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.
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