HILL IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
CE 76508

Course Objectives:
This course is aimed at training the students specific engineering design considerations for canal irrigation, their operation, maintenance and management with environmental balance and farmer's participation in the hills of Nepal. The course is emphasized with the design of non-conventional micro irrigation technology such as sprinkler and drip in the remote hills of Nepal. After the completion of this elective course the students will confidently design the canal and micro irrigation projects in the remote hilly areas of Nepal.

1. Introduction
   (4 hours)
1. Physiographic Regions and Farming Systems of Nepal
2. Characteristics of Hill Irrigation Systems (HIS)
3. Need, Potentiality and Types of Irrigation Development in the Hills of Nepal
2. Environmental Aspects of Hill Irrigation
   (6 hours)
1. Problems of Floods, Soil Erosion and Land Slides
2. Mountain Zone Classification
3. Engineering and Vegetative Measures for Canal Design in Different Mountain Zones
4. Guidelines for Hill Irrigation Design [Scheme Objectives; Agricultural Considerations]
5. Managerial, Social and Institutional Arrangements, Financial Provisions and Engineering Solutions
3. Planning and Implementation of Hill Irrigation
   (3 hours)
1. Long Term Planning with Farmer's Participation
2. Request Proposal for Project Assistance and Screening
3. Stages of Project Study and Data Collection
4. Detail Design and Implementation of Project
4. Water Availability and Irrigation Requirements
   (8 hours)
1. Flow Assessment Techniques Based on Data Availability (MlP, WECS & HSC)
2. Extractable Flow for Irrigation
3. Consumptive Use of Selected Cropping Pattern
4. Operational Water Requirements
5. Effective Rainfall Contribution with 80% reliability
6. Percolation Losses and Irrigation Efficiencies
7. Computation of Irrigation Requirements
5. Canal Irrigation in Hills
   (12 hours)
1. Canal Intakes for Hill Irrigation
1. Design issues and construction materials for diversions; Suitable intakes and their locations
2. Design factors of bank intakes; Design of single orifice and bottom rack intakes
2. Sediment Control for Hill Canals
1. Natural and artificial methods; Sediment control structures for hill canals
2. Design of gravel trap and settling basin; Estimation of sediment load in the absence of data
3. Canals and Distribution Systems for Hill Irrigation
1. Nomenclature, layout and alignment of hill canals; Design of hill canals; Seepage and lining of hill canals
2. Characteristics of distribution systems and Layout pattern appropriate to hill irrigation; Structural components of the distribution system; Flow division structures and Operation of Saacho
4. Escapes and Drop structures for Hill Canals
1. Need of escapes in hills; Suitable escapes for hills; Location of escapes in hills; Suitable drops in hills
2. Design of cascade and chute drops; Use of small drops to control water level and erosion
5. Cross Drainage Structures for Hill Canals
1. Selection of suitable OD structures in hills; Aqueducts, their advantages and disadvantages
2. Problems of aqueducts and prevention; Super passages, their advantages and disadvantages
3. Problems of super passages and prevention; Siphons and their disadvantages; Problems of siphons and prevention;
4. Level crossings, their advantages and disadvantages; Inlets and Outlets
6. Sprinkler Irrigation
   (5 hours)
1. Advantages and Suitability of Sprinkler for Hill Irrigation
2. Limitations and Disadvantages of Sprinkler Irrigation
3. Types and Components of Sprinkler System
4. Design Approach and Selection of Sprinklers
5. Design of a Portable Sprinkler System
6. Operation and Maintenance of Sprinkler System
7. Drip or Trickle Irrigation
   (5 hours)
1. Advantages and Suitability of Drip for Hill Irrigation
2. Limitations and Disadvantages of Drip Irrigation
3. Types and Component of Drip System
4. Design Approach and Selection of Drips
5. Design of a Portable Drip System
6. Operation and Maintenance of Drip system
8. Gabion Structures for Remote Hill Areas
   (2 hours)
1. Advantages of Gabion Construction
2. Design Considerations for Gabion Structures
3. Characteristics of Fill Material

Tutorial:

1. Estimation of mean monthly and 80% reliable flows by MIP Method(1 hour)
2. Estimation of mean monthly, low and 80% reliable flows by WECS/DHM Method(1 hour)
3. Estimation of mean monthly and 80% reliable flows by HSC method(1 hour)
4. Estimation of 80% reliable, effective monthly rainfall & half monthly values(2 hours)
5. Computation of Irrigation Requirements using Crpwat8 windows software(1 hour)
6. Design of single orifice & bottom rack intake(2 hours)
7. Design of gravel trap and settling basin(2 hours)
8. Estimation of sediment load in the absence of data(1 hour)
9. Design of cascade & chute drops(2 hours)
10. Design of a Portable Sprinkler System(1 hour)
11. Design of a Portable Drip System(1 hour)

Assignment/Practical:
Individual assignment on design of Sprinkler and Drip irrigation systems.
References:

1. Hill Irrigation Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, TU,
2. Basil S. Jacob, "The Ford Foundation', New Delhi.
3. "Design Manuals for Irrigation Projects in Nepal, M.l to M.13', Sir M MacDonald & Partners Ltd, PDSP, UNDP, World Bank, DOl, February 1990.

Evaluation Scheme:
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be as indicated in the table below:

Chapter	Hours	Marks Distribution*
1	4	10
2	6	10
3	3	5
4	8	10
5	12	20
6	5	10
7	5	10
8	2	5
Total	45	80

*There could be minor deviation in mark distribution.