ADJUSTMENT OF OBSERVATIONS

Course objectives:
To impart knowledge on adjustment of survey measurements and develop skills in computer programming.

Course outline:

1. Surveying Engineering Methodology (1 hours)
1. Processing, estimation, and assessment scheme


2. Classes of Mathematical models (4 hours)
1. Definition
2. Forms of Models
1. Direct – Linear, nonlinear, condition model
2. Indirect-Parametric-Nonlinear, linear
3. Implicit-Conditions on the observations, Conditions on the unknown parameters
3. Combination of Models
1. Conditions on the observations
2. Conditions on the unknown parameters
3. 'Step by step' or 'Sequential' methods


3. Solution of Models (4 hours)
1. Linearization of models:
   Univariate function, Bivariate function, Multivariate function 
2. Differential forms:
   Implicit model, Parametric model, Condition model


4. Covariance and correlation (3 hours)
1. Covariance matrix of the estimated parameters,
2. Correlation coefficient matrix of the estimated parameters


5. Unique solution-direct, indirect, implicit model (3 hours)


6. Least square methods (12 hours)
1. Least Square solution equations
1. Implicit model
2. Parametric model
3. Condition model
2. Solution of the least squares problem by the Logrange method
3. Least squares formulation of a combination of mathematical models
4. Sequential least squares
5. Confidence regions (Error ellipse)


7. Statistical testing and assessment of result (12 hours)
1. Univariate testing
2. Multivariate testing


8. Accuracy and reliability of Networks (6 hours)

Computer Lab:

1. Mathematical models in surveying engineering
2. Leveling network adjustment
3. Re-analysis of a trilateration network
4. Least squares adjustment of a trilateration network using batch, sequential, and summation of normal methods
5. Univariate statistical testing
6. Univariate and multivariate statistical testing

Reference:

1. J. Krakkiwsky and M.A. Abousalem, Adjustment of observations, Class note, University of Calgary.
2. Papers for the CISM Adjustment and Analysis Seminars, Canadian Institute of Geomatics 1987.
3. The methods of Least Squares by D.E. Wells, E.J. Krakiwsky, UNB Lecture notes 1971
4. Surveying Theory and Practice by Raymond E. Devis et al, McGraw-Hill

Assessment: Average of three
Evaluation Scheme:
The question will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be as indicated in the table below.

S.N.	Chapter	Hours	Marks allocation*
1	2,3	9	16
2	4,5,6.1,6.2	9	16
3	6	9	16
4	7	12	16
5	1,8	7	16
Total		45	80

*Note: There may be minor deviation in marks distribution